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TABLE I Hemodynamics and Cardiac Function in Overt Thyroid Dysfunction

Parameter Normal values Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Blood volume (% of normal value) 100 105.5 84.5
Heart rate (bpm) 72–84 88–130 60–80
Cardiac output (L/min) 4.0–6.0 > 7.0 < 4.5
Systemic vascular resistance (dyn·sec/cm-5) 1500–1700 700–1200 2100–2700
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) > 50 > 65 <= 60
Isovolumic relaxation time (msec) 60–80 25–40 > 80

[Reprinted with permission from Klein I, Ojamaa K 2001 Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 344:501–509. Copyright © 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society.]





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